SURVEY INSTRUMENTS USED IN FIELD GLACIOLOGY

INSTRUMENT	OPERATING SCALES	MAIN USES	ACCURACY	EXAMPLES OF USAGE IN GLACIOLOGY
Compass Clinometer	1 - 10 m	Determining Slope angles, Constructing crude slope profiles	5	Quick Estimates of Glacier snout, moraine or rockfall slope angles
Abney Level	1 - 100 m	Determining Slope angles, Constructing slope profiles	1	Comparing proximal/distal slopes on moraines Establishing horizontal levels, for example former lake shorelines, correlating terrace fragments
Engineer's level and total station with electronic distance measurement (EDM) Device	1m - 1 km	Determining Slope angles, Constructing detailed slope profiles Making simle maps and locating objects in relative space	1 Milimetre accuracy possible using an electronic device measurement (EDM) device	Glacier Velocity surveys Mapping the position of ice margins and features on a glacier surface profiles of complex terrain such as bedrock roughness Moraine profiles
Global Positioning System (GPS)	1m - 10 km	Determining the height of objects Making maps and locating objects in absolute space	Millimetre accuracy possible if used in differential modes, otherwise metre accuracy	Glacier Velocity surveys Mapping the position of ice margins and features on a glacier surface Recording one-off positions such as sample locations